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Authors
Takai, Yoshiki
Hametner, Simon
Riedl, Christian
Misu, Tatsuro
Takahashi, Toshiyuki
Suzuki, Hiroyoshi
Chihara, Norio
Watanabe, Masashi
Miyahara, Hiroaki
Yoshida, Mari
Iwasaki, Yasushi
Suzuki, Takashi
Di Pauli, Franziska
Bramow, Stephan
Laureys, Guy
Banwell, Brenda
Mariotto, Sara
Fujihara, Kazuo
Aoki, Masashi
Bradl, Monika
Lassmann, Hans
Höftberger, Romana
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (#24K10634)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (#23K06959)
Austrian Science Fund (https://doi.org/10.55776/PAT6054424)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health (R01NS114227)
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Revised: 14 January 2026
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: Y.T. received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, Roche/Chugai, and UCB. T.M. received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Asahi Kasei Medical, GE, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, Roche/Chugai, Sanofi, Teva Takeda Pharma, Teijin, and Viela Bio. N.C. received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Argenx, Biogen, Eisai, Kowa Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, Roche/Chugai, Teva Takeda Pharma, and UCB. M.Y. received honoraria from Igaku Shoin and Eisai, and grants from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development. F.D.P. has participated in meetings sponsored by, received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations), or travel funding from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene BMS, Horizon, Medwhizz, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, and Roche. S.B. received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards), or support for congress participation from Novartis, Roche, and Merck. B.B. serves as a consultant to Novartis, Roche, UCB, and UTSW. She receives grant funding from the National Institute of Health. S.M. received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Dynamics, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, TSF, and UCB. K.F. received grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan and personal fees from Amgen, Alexion, Argenx, Asahi Kasei Medical, Biogen, Cosmic Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Roche/Chugai, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, UCB, Sanofi, Teijin, and Zenyaku. M.A. has received speaker honoraria from Eisai and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma.
: This multi-institutional study was approved by the ethics committees of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine (2023–1-1144) and the Medical University of Vienna (EK-1067/2024). It was conducted in accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards. In Japan, the study was conducted either after written informed consent was obtained from the participant or the surrogate or by disclosing information about the study on the website of Tohoku University Hospital; the participant or the surrogate could refuse to participate at any time.
