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Authors
Tran, Ngan Le Kim
Hou, Xu
Heckman, Michael G.
Fiesel, Fabienne C.
Koga, Shunsuke
Watkins, Molly M.
Sledge, Hanna J.
Gibbs, J. Raphael
Traynor, Bryan J.
Dalgard, Clifton L.
Scholz, Sonja W.
Dickson, Dennis W.
Springer, Wolfdieter
Ross, Owen A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (TL1 TR002380)
American Federation for Aging Research (Diana Jacobs Kalman Scholarship in the Biology of Aging)
United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (Gateway to Mitochondrial Medicine Grant)
Mayo Clinic Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC, P30AG062677)
Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-22-973152)
National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center and Alzheimer’s Association (NIAP25-1445722)
Mayo Clinic Center for Biomedical Discovery Research Catalyst Award
Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
Florida Department of Health
Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (program #: ZIAAG000935, ZIANS003154)
Mayo Clinic Dorothy and Harry T. Mangurian Jr. Lewy body dementia program
National Institute of Health (NIH P30 AG062677 and U01 NS100620)
National Institute of Health (P50 NS072187; R01 NS078086; U54 NS100693; U19 AG071754; R01 AG087165; R01 AG089380; R01 AG056366)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS085070, R01NS110085, and U54NS110435)
Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-17-1-0248; HT9425-25-1-0287)
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research
Ted Nash Long Life Foundation
Mayo Clinic Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-17-1-0249; HT9425-25-1-0288)
American Brain Foundation
The Little Family Foundation
Ted Turner and family
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Revised: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: Mayo Clinic, F.C.F, and W.S. hold a patent related to PRKN activators (Small Molecule Activators of Parkin Enzyme Function, US patent, 11401255B2; August 02, 2022). O.A.R. consulted for SciNeuro and has received support from the National Institute of Health, the Department of Defense, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, and the American Brain Foundation. This research was conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic conflict of interest. B.J.T. and S.W.S. received research support from Cerevel Therapeutics. B.J.T. is an editorial and advisory board member for Brain, eClinicalMedicine, and the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. S.W.S. is a scientific advisory board member of the Lewy Body Dementia Association, Mission MSA, and the GBA1 Canada Initiative, and an editorial board member of JAMA Neurology and the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.
: This study was approved by The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (PR17-008444–08; Biospecimen Protocol IRB# 15–009452), and written informed consent was obtained from all individuals (or next of kin).
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT to improve grammar and clarity. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
