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Authors
Walter, Nike
Lowenberg, David W.
Heiss, Christian
Lau, Edmund C.
Rupp, Markus
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2026
Accepted: 23 June 2026
First Online: 22 August 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: This study is based on data from the Medicare Physician Service Records Data Base. These records encompassed diagnoses and treatments rendered in medical offices, outpatient clinics, hospitals, emergency departments, skilled nursing home, and other healthcare facilities. They were compiled by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and after deidentification were made available for researcher, known as the Limited Data Set (LDS). Since the CMS data is deidentified, it was exempt from review by the Institutional Review Board. Accordingly, IRB approval was waived by the ethic committee of XX.
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
