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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Revised: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 11 October 2025

Declarations

:

: JT has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Calliditas Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, Galderma, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Stifel Financial, and UCB. He serves as an investigator for LEO Pharma and Sanofi. BU is an employee of Mount Sinai and has received research funds (grants paid to the institution) from Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, Rapt Therapeutics, Pfizer, and Sanofi. He is also a consultant for Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, Castle Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and UCB. GSC and JM have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: Not applicable/exempt as all data used in this study are deidentified and publicly available.