Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 December 2025

Revised: 11 December 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Joshua Burshtein, Milaan Shah, Lauren DeBusk, Angela Rosenberg, Brooke Bartley and Danny Zakria have no conflicts. Christopher G. Bunick has served as an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Botanix, Castle Biosciences, Connect BioPharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Dermavant, Disc Medicine, Eli Lilly, EPI Health/Novan, Galderma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, South Beach Symposium, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Timber, Teladoc, Triveni, UCB, and Veradermics. Ruth Ann Vleugels: Consultant and/or PI: AstraZeneca, Apogee, BMS, Lilly, Priovant, Abbvie, Johnson and Johnson . Bruce Strober: Consultant (honoraria): AbbVie, Alumis, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Capital One, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Immunovant, Janssen, Leo, Eli Lilly, Maruho, Oruka, Meiji Seika Pharma, Protagonist, Takeda, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Rapt, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, Union Therapeutics. Stock Options: Connect Biopharma, Mindera Health. Speaker: AbbVie, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme. Scientific Co-Director (consulting fee): CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry. Investigator: CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry. Editor-in-Chief (honorarium): Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Eingun James Song, MD is an investigator, consultant and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Alumis, Alphyn, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dermavant/Organon, DermBiont, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson &, LEO, MoonLake, Novartis, Ortho-dermatologics, Pfizer, Phothera, Sanofi & Regeneron, SUN, Timber, UCB, Veradermics. Todd Schlesinger, MD is an investigator, consultant and/or speaker for: Abbvie, Almirall, Apogee, Biofrontera, Galderma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, LEO, SUN Pharma, Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medicus, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, UCB, Castle Biosciences, Arcutis. Investigator for: Abbvie, Alumis, ASLAN, Incyte, Sanofi, Janssen, Highlitll, Novartis, Biofrontera, Takeda, Cara, Castle Biosciences. Consultant for: RBC Consultants, Dermsquared, Verrica (Consultant and speaker). MJH Life Sciences, Beiersdorf, HTL Biotechnology, and Flint Clinical. Salary from Avant-Health. Advisory Board for Chronicle Medical Software. Linda Stein Gold, MD has served as an advisor, consultant, speaker, or investigator for: Amgen, AbbVie, Almirall, Acrutis, Bausch Health/Valeant, OrthoDermatologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cara, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LEO Pharma, Galderma, Novartis, Sun Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Regeneron, UCB. Alexandra K. Golant, MD has received consulting or speaker fees from: Regeneron, Sanofi, Abbvie, Incyte, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Arcutis, Janssen, Amgen, Pfizer. April W. Armstrong, MD, MPH has served as a research investigator, scientific advisor, or speaker to AbbVie, Arcutis, BI, BMS, Leo, UCB, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho, Sun, Dermavant, Sanofi, Takeda, Regeneron, and Pfizer. Mark Lebwohl is an employee of Mount Sinai and receives research funds from: Abbvie, Arcutis, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara therapeutics, Clexio, Dermavant Sciences, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Inozyme, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, and UCB, and is a consultant for Aikium, Almirall, AltruBio Inc., Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Inc., AstraZeneca, Atomwise, Avotres Therapeutics, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Celltrion, Corevitas, Dermavant Sciences, Dermsquared, Evommune, Inc., Facilitation of International Dermatology Education, Forte biosciences, Galderma, Genentech, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharmaceuticals, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, Mirium Pharmaceuticals, Oruka, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, Revolo, Seanergy, Strata, Sunpharma, Takeda, Trevi, and Verrica.

: Not applicable. This work is based on a literature review and expert consensus and did not involve human participants or identifiable data.

: Not applicable.