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Authors
Barlow, Sydney https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-0573
Guirguis, Christopher A. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7215-0566
Amankwah, Natacha Jn-Simon https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6533-2569
Nwankpa, Chinazaekpere https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3663-8071
Afolabi, Aliyyat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9257-8242
Tung, Joe K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-3975
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Article History
Received: 10 August 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: Dr. Tung is or has been a clinical trials investigator, consultant, or speaker for AbbVie, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharmaceutical, Takeda, and UCB. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
: The All of Us IRB approved the All of Us protocol and materials before recruitment of the participants into the All of Us database.
: Not applicable.
