Article History
Received: 4 October 2018
Accepted: 5 January 2019
First Online: 17 January 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this manuscript was reported.
: All DCC and ECC cases of vigorous term and preterm infants between February 2017 and February 2018 were retrospectively reviewed with a study protocol approved by the Institute Research Ethics Board (File #: 2018-2614). Maternal and neonatal demographic variables including maternal and gestational age, parity, mode of delivery, epidural anesthesia usage, neonate birthweight, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, sex, presence of meconium at birth, and major pregnancy-related complications (including gestational diabetes mellitus, chorioamnionitis, and cholestasis, etc.), were pulled from medical records and compared.
: Informed consent was waived with the approval of the Research Ethics Board of Horizon Health Network.
: This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.