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Authors
Herpel, Clarissa
Bogus, Magdalena
Mallmann, Peter
Banaschak, Sibylle
Ludwig, Sebastian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Köln
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 1 March 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study, which focused solely on the analysis of completely anonymized and descriptive data and involved no human intervention or therapeutic procedures, was determined not to require formal ethical approval following the guidelines of the University of Cologne. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. Given the non-identifiable and secondary nature of the data, the requirement for obtaining informed consent was also waived, fully complying with standard ethical guidelines for such descriptive, low-risk research.
