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Authors
Schwippel, Tobias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-222X
Pupillo, Francesca https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9995-2338
Feldman, Zachary W. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2240-6670
Walker, Christopher
Townsend, Leah
Rubinow, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0815-2263
Frohlich, Flavio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-5621
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
EPI Inc
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2025
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: Tobias Schwippel, Francesca Pupillo and Zachary Feldman do not report a conflict of interest. Flavio Frohlich chairs the scientific advisory board of EPI in the role as a paid consultant and owns < 1% equity in EPI. He receives royalty payments from UNC—Chapel Hill as the lead inventor on patents of closed-loop non-invasive brain stimulation. David Rubinow receives research funding from the NIH, the Baszucki Foundation, and Sage Therapeutics. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Sage Therapeutics and Sensorium Therapeutics. He serves on the Clinical Advisory Boards of Felicitypharma and Embarkneuro. He serves as a consultant to Brii Biosciences, GH Research-Ireland, and Aldeyra Therapeutics. Leah Townsend is an employee and shareholder of EPI and an employee of Pulvinar Neuro and receives funding from the NIH. Chris Walker is an employee of Pulvinar Neuro.
