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Article History

Received: 4 April 2023

Accepted: 19 April 2023

First Online: 1 June 2023

Declarations

:

: PVD reports remuneration for consultancy from Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Chiesi, Merck, and Shionogi. AHM reports remuneration for consultancy from Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, and Shionogi, lecture fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, and grant support from Afferent Pharmaceuticals, Infirst, Merck, and Procter & Gamble. JAS reports research grants and remuneration for consultancy from Algernon, AstraZeneca, Axalbion, Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Merck, Nocion Therapeutics, Shionogi, and Trevi, and non-financial support and royalties from Vitalograph paid to Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust that may be shared with the department in which JAS works. JAS is funded by the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and an NIHR Senior Investigator Award. MRS reports research grants from Afferent Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Merck, NeRRe Therapeutics, and Shionogi, remuneration for lectures from Merck, and has served on advisory committees for Afferent Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Merck, NeRRe Therapeutics, Nocion Therapeutics, and Shionogi and on a Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Nocion Therapeutics. MV reports remuneration for consultancy in litigation relating to acid suppressive therapy, has served on an advisory committee for Bayer AG, Diversatek, Ironwood, ISOThrive, Medtronic, Phathom, and Sanofi, and holds a patent with Diversatek. LG reports a research grant from AstraZeneca, remuneration for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Novartis, and Sanofi, and remuneration for consultancy from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, MSD, Novartis, and Sanofi. AN reports research grants from Kyorin Pharmaceutical and Novartis and remuneration for lectures from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, MSD, and Novartis. KG, UK, RS, and MW are employees of Bayer AG. PVP was an employee of Bayer AG at the time of the study and is now an employee of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. LMG reports research grants from Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Chiesi, Merck, and Shionogi, remuneration for lectures from Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and Shionogi, remuneration for consultancy from Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Chiesi, Merck, NeRRe Therapeutics, Nocion Therapeutics, and Shionogi, and has served on advisory committees for Applied Clinical Intelligence, Bayer AG, Bellus Health, Chiesi, Merck, NeRRe Therapeutics, Nocion Therapeutics, and Shionogi and on a Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Bayer AG.

: The Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee at each center approved the protocol. The study was carried out in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines.

: All participants provided written informed consent.