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Authors
Shah, Amar J.
Alotaibi, Nawal
Cheung, Maggie
Nixon, Rodanthe
Gosal, Eshrina
Saigal, Anita
Hurst, John R.
Mani, Ali R.
Mandal, Swapna
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
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: JRH has received grant support, and payment for educational and advisory work, personally and to his institution, from pharmaceutical companies that make medicines to treat COPD. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
: The study received ethical approval from the Health Research Authority in England [REC reference 22/HRA/2206]. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Given this was retrospective data limited to previously collected data and used anonymised and pseudo-anonymous data with no patient identifiers, no direct patient consent was deemed necessary by the Health Research Authority in England.
