Article History

Received: 15 April 2024

Accepted: 18 September 2024

First Online: 2 October 2024

Change Date: 27 October 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In the original version, the bicondylar length of the femur was erroneously used in the calculation of the estimated living stature (ELS) using Albanese et al. [1] equations. The maximum length of the femur in the original equations has now been used in the recalculation of ELS. The original article has been corrected.

Change Date: 6 August 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-026-03732-1

Change Date: 27 October 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03642-8

Declarations

Ethical approval: Ethical approval with number M2111174 was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee – Medical of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Informed consent: Each participant signed an informed consent document prior to their participation in the study.

Research involving human participants and/or animals: This study was conducted following strict adherence to ethical principles and guidelines that govern human research in accordance with Singapore Statement on Research Integrity. The study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) – Medical at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. All collected data were treated with strict confidentiality and any information that could potentially identify them were anonymized. All authors also declare that there is no conflict of interest that could influence the objectivity of this study.

Competing interests: No competing interests.