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Authors
Zhang, Zhen
Wang, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-108X
Lin, Meiting
Yan, Hui
Shi, Yan
Qiao, Zheng
Yu, Miao
Xiang, Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-4292
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China (GY2024G-4)
the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Fund (24DZ2203000)
the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (21DZ2270800)
the Shanghai Forensic Service Platform and Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice. (the Shanghai Forensic Service Platform and Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice.)
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Article History
Received: 22 March 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 23 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: The reanalysis of biological specimens from actual cases was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee at the Academy of Forensic Science for the use of the specimen test data (approval number: AFS-2024-13).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
