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Authors
Wulff, Alexandra R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-4855
Dipnall, Joanna F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-0687
Biggs, Michael J. P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-3709
Fernandez, Richard G. D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-8633
de Boer, Hans H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-0945
Rowbotham, Samantha K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-4273
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Westpac Scholars Trust (Future Leaders Scholarship)
Australian Government (Research Training Program scholarship)
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used data from deceased humans, and followed the ethical standards of all relevant laws, institutional guidelines, research committees and ‘The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association’ (1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments). The following institutions granted ethical approval for this study: the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine’s (VIFM) Research Advisory and Ethics Committees (Project ID: 1236); the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) Research Committee (M0505); the Coroners Court of Victoria Research Committee (RC 476); and the Department of Justice and Community Safety Human Research Ethics Committee (CF/22/25761). The East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit (EMFPU) ratified the VIFM ethics approval. The EMFPU possesses current ethical approvals from the National Research Ethics Service (REC reference 04-Q2501-64) and the University Hospitals of Leicester Research and Development Office (UHL 09523).
: For the Australian cases, a waiver for consent was granted under VIFM and NCIS ethics approvals, whilst for the English cases, informed consent had been granted by the next of kin.
: One of the co-authors is an Advisory Board member for this journal.
: Not applicable.
