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Authors
Holzer, Eileen
Harris, Jane C.
Brüderl, Janine
Helm, Katharina
Flachberger, Laura
Pratt, Evan P. S.
Steinbacher, Peter
Monticelli, Fabio
Pittner, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9135
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Paris Lodron University of Salzburg
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: The human remains that were included in this research were voluntarily donated to the Northern Michigan University Center for Forensic Science (CFS), which encompasses the FROST facility, the Body Donation Program, and a forensic anthropology research laboratory. Donations of whole-body human donors to the NMU CFS through the Body Donation Program are made in accordance with the Public Health Code Act 368 of the Public Acts of Michigan 1978, Part 101: Revised Uniform Anatomical Gift Law, CFS policies, and internationally accepted ethical standards for the use of human tissue in research. Identifying details (names, dates of birth and death, biomedical characteristics, etc.) have been excluded and/or obscured.
: All whole-body donors that are included in NMU CFS-supported research are donated as unrestricted anatomical gifts by themselves, or their legal next-of-kin through an informed consent process. The donors understand that the remains will be used for education and research to advance forensic science.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
