Huynh, Richard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-7190
Samuel, Selwin G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-563X
Anand, Vennila https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1151-8020
Zafar, Sobia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-8147
Al-Qahtani, Sakher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-5984
Funding for this research was provided by:
The University of Queensland
Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 14 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number: 2019000998) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study. In the case of minors, consent was obtained from their legal guardians.
: The authors declare that there are no commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest in the preparation, authorship, or publication of this manuscript. All authors confirm that they have no affiliations, funding sources, or personal relationships that could be perceived to influence the work reported in this study.
: Sakher Al-Qahtani, who sadly passed away a few months before the submission of this manuscript, made lasting contributions to forensic odontology, particularly in dental age estimation. His work will continue to guide and influence future generations. He will be remembered with deep respect and admiration.