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Article History

Received: 20 January 2026

Accepted: 28 March 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: An ethical application was submitted to the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, which assessed that the project did not require ethical review under Sects. 3–4 of the Swedish Ethical Review Act. This assessment was based on the fact that all samples were anonymised and could not be traced back to individual donors, and that no physical intervention was initiated specifically for this research project, as all donors were already scheduled to provide blood samples for medical evaluation or routine blood donation. Consequently, the application was formally rejected, i.e. it was not examined on its merits, as ethical review was not applicable under the Swedish Ethical Review Act. Nevertheless, the Swedish Ethical Review Authority issued an advisory opinion, stating that “The Swedish Ethical Review Authority has no ethical objections to the research project” (Dnr 2021 − 00830). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.