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Authors
Azhar, Aliff Syazaryl Aiman https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2014-0823
Davies, Janet Ann https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-7834
Liversidge, Helen Mary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7056-9337
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaya
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 28 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was applied for and received by the Queen Mary Ethics of Research Committee (Reference number: QME24.0693). This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable. Anonymised dental radiographs were used for this study. Radiographs had previously been taken in the course of diagnosis and treatment at the Royal London Dental Hospital.
: The authors declare no conflict of interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.
