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Article History

Received: 12 June 2026

Accepted: 29 July 2026

First Online: 4 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The questionnaire and methodology of this study was determined to be exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review by the Office of Research Integrity & Assurance of George Mason University (IRB ID: STUDY00000538).

Consent to participate: This study involved two individuals who donated their remains to the George Mason University Forensic Science Program and the Forensic Science Research and Training Laboratory. All donors to the Forensic Science Program provide explicit informed consent for the use of their remains for research, teaching, and training purposes, including the use of photographs of the donor’s skeletal remains.

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Competing interests: George Mason University maintains an ongoing partnership with FARO Technologies, Inc., through which the FARO Freestyle 2 scanner used in this study was provided on loan. The authors have no personal financial interests in FARO Technologies, Inc. FARO Technologies, Inc. had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the results, manuscript preparation, or decision to publish.