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Article History

Received: 25 June 2020

Revised: 7 October 2020

Accepted: 4 December 2020

First Online: 31 December 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: Victoria Sidoroff: none. Cecilia Raccagni: none. Christine Kaindlstorfer: none. Sabine Eschlboeck: none. Alessandra Fanciulli: none concerning this project. A.F. reports royalties from springer Nature, speaker fees and honoraria from the Ordensklinikum Linz, Austrian Parkinson Society, International Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorder Society and Theravance Biopharma and research grant from Stitching Parkinson Fond and the Österreichischer Austauschdienst outside of the submitted work. Roberta Granata: none. Björn Eskofier: none concerning this project. B.E. is supported by Mobilise-D from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 820820. He further received an institutional research grant from the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology, Germany (Medical Valley Award, FallRiskPD). Klaus Seppi: none concerning this project. K.S. reports personal fees from Teva, UCB, Lundbeck, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Roche, Grünenthal and Abbvie, honoraria from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society, research grants from FWF Austrian Science Fund, Michael J. Fox Foundation, and International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, outside the submitted work. Werner Poewe: none concerning this project. W.P. reports personal fees from AbbVie, Affiris, AstraZeneca, BIAL, Britannia, Intec, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Neuroderm, Denali Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Orion Pharma, Roche, Teva, UCB and Zambon (<i>consultancy and lecture fees in relation to clinical drug development programmes for PD</i>). Johann Willeit: none. Stefan Kiechl: none concerning this project. S.K. is CSO of VASCage, a COMET Research Centre of the Austria Research Promotion Agency. Philipp Mahlknecht: none. Heike Stockner: none. Kathrin Marini: K. M. was supported by a research grant from the Tiroler Wirtschaftsförderung (grant number UNI-0404/2245). Oliver Schorr: none. Gregorio Rungger: none. Jochen Klucken: none concerning this project. J.K. is supported by Mobilise-D from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 820820. He further received an institutional research grant from the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology, Germany (Medical Valley Award, FallRiskPD) and reports institutional research grants from EIT-Health; EIT-Digital; EU (H2020), German Research Foundation (DFG). Industry sponsored institutional IITs and grants from Alpha-Telemed AG. Compensation and honoraria from serving on scientific advisory boards and lecturing from Ever Neuro Pharma GmbH, TEVA Pharma GmbH, Bial Deutschland GmbH; Celgene GmbH, and Magisan GmbH. Gregor K. Wenning: none concerning this project. G.W. reports personal fees from Biohaven, Theravance, UCB, Lundbeck, and Ono, honoraria from the Austrian Autonomic Society, research grants from FWF Austrian Science Fund, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and US MSA Coalition, outside of the submitted work. Heiko Gaßner: none concerning this project. H.G. is supported by Mobilise-D from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant Agreement No. 820820. He further received an institutional research grant from the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology, Germany (Medical Valley Award, FallRiskPD). HG received an institutional research grant by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (project: treatHSP) and Huntington-Stiftung of the Deutsche Huntington Hilfe e.V. HG received further support by the Medical Research Foundation at the University Hospital Erlangen and the Förderverein für HSP-Forschung e.V. outside of the submitted work.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients included in the study. The study was approved by local ethics committees (IRB-approval–No 0365, 344/4.25 378/5.3, 20.10.2017).

: All study participants gave written informed consent for participation and publication prior to participation according to the Declaration of Helsinki.