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Article History

Received: 21 December 2022

Revised: 8 February 2023

Accepted: 8 February 2023

First Online: 16 February 2023

Declarations

:

: Federico Montini has no potential conflicts of interest and reports no disclosures; Agostino Nozzolillo has no potential conflicts of interest and reports no disclosures; Paola M.V. Rancoita has no potential conflicts of interest and reports no disclosures; Chiara Zanetta has no potential conflicts of interest and reports no disclosures; Lucia Moiola received compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services from Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and TEVA; Federica Cugnata has no potential conflicts of interest and reports no disclosures; Federica Esposito received consulting and speaking fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme; Maria A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche; and speaker honoraria from AstraZaneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for <i>Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders</i>; Vittorio Martinelli received compensation for speaking and/or for consultancy and support for travel expenses and participation in Congresses from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Genzyme and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; Massimo Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Journal of Neurology</i>, Associate Editor of <i>Human Brain Mapping</i>, <i>Neurological Sciences,</i> and <i>Radiology</i>; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA).

: Approval was received from the local ethical standards committee on human experimentation (Ethical committee approval no. 101/INT/2020), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study enrolment, according to the declaration of Helsinki.

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