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Article History

Received: 1 April 2023

Revised: 4 May 2023

Accepted: 5 May 2023

First Online: 15 May 2023

Declarations

:

: AA received 2 research grants from UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences and from The German Multiple Sclerosis Society, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. JK received 4 speaker fees, research support, travel support and/or served on advisory boards of the Swiss 5 MS Society, Swiss National Research Foundation (320030_189140/1), University of Basel, 6 Progressive MS Alliance, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. KB has served as a 13 consultant, at advisory boards, or at data monitoring committees for Abcam, Axon, Biogen, 14 JOMDD/Shimadzu. Julius Clinical, Lilly, MagQu, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens 15 Healthineers, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), 16 which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. SS reports personal fees as speaker or advisor from Abbott, Allergan-Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Teva; 3 research grants from Allergan, Novartis, Uriach, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. She is President elect of the European Stroke Organisation, second vice president of the European Headache Federation and a member of the Women Initiative for Stroke in Europe. HT reports 8 lectures and travel from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene/Bristol-Myers-Squibb, 9 GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, 10 Siemens and Teva, and received research support from Chemische Fabrik Karl Bucher 11 GmbH, German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG) and the German Ministry for Education 12 and Research (BMBF), all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. AHA received 2 research grants from Medtronic and Boehringer Ingelheim, honoraria for advice or lecturing from Bayer, BMS, Pfizer, MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbvie, Teva, Novartis, Roche, Lundbeck and participated on a data safety monitoring for Lundbeck, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. MO gave scientific advice to Axon, Biogen Idec, Fujirebio and Roche, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. AMD-R received 3 grants from Norvegian Research Council, EU Horizon 2020, Hesle Sør-øst and participated on a data safety monitoring from EU Horizon 2020, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. HZ served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Alzecure, Biogen, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. DM received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi and Merck, participated on a scientific advisory board for Merck, consulting fees and payment for presentations from Roche and Novartis, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. MF received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Biogen, Roche, Novartis, Merck and Sanofi, all unrelated to the work presented in this paper. SAR received support from the Medical Faculty of Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Clinician Scientist-Programm No. CS22/06), unrelated to the work presented in this paper. Other authors report no competing interests.

: This IPD meta-analysis protocol was registered on PROSPERO registry (CRD42022358924). Studies included in this IPD meta-analysis received ethics approval (Swedish Ethical Review Authority 2020–01883, Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ) No. 2020–0056, Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board #20–003457, Comitato Etico Provinciale di Brescia: NP 4000–Studio CORONAlab and NP 4408–Studio CORONAlab, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Ethic Committee protocol no. 34/int/2020, South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority reference number 106624). All subjects gave written informed consent to be enrolled in the studies included in this IPD meta-analysis. Contributors ensured local regulatory and data sharing agreement were in place.

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