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Article History

Received: 12 April 2023

Revised: 28 June 2023

Accepted: 29 June 2023

First Online: 18 July 2023

Declarations

:

: M.A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche; and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Healthcare Germany, Merck Serono SpA, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for <i>Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders</i>. P. Valsasina received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec. M.T. Lamanna and B. Colombo have nothing to disclose. V. Martinelli received travel support and speaker’s honoraria for activities with Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Bayer, Teva Pharma, Novartis, Almirall and Genzyme. Prof. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Journal of Neurology</i>, Associate Editor of <i>Human Brain Mapping</i>, <i>Neurological Sciences,</i> and <i>Radiology</i>; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: Approval was received from the local ethical standards committee on human experimentation of IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (registration number: GR-2008-1138784); all subjects signed written informed consent before study participation.