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Article History

Received: 25 January 2024

Revised: 26 February 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2024

First Online: 13 April 2024

Declarations

:

: M.R. received speaker honoraria from Novartis, Bayer Vital GmbH, Roche, Alexion, Horizon and Ipsen and reimbursement of travel costs from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merz, Genzyme, Teva, Roche, Horizon, Alexion and Merck, none related to this work. K.R. received research support from Novartis, Merck Serono, German Ministry of Education and Research, European Union (821283-2), Stiftung Charité (BIH Clinical Fellow Program), Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, and Arthur Arnstein Foundation; he received speaker honoraria from Novartis and Virion Serion, and travel grants from Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation; none related to the present report. M.W.H. received research support from Myelitis e. V., speaker honoraria from selpers og, and reimbursement of travel expenses and compensation for serving on an advisory board from Alexion. None related to this study. P.S. received travel support from UCB and speaker honoraria from Roche and Alexion and served on advisory boards for Alexion; none related to this study. C.T. has received honoraria for consultation and expert testimony from Alexion Pharma Germany GmbH and Roche Pharma GmbH; none of this related to the current report. O.A. reports grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Research Foundation (DFG); grants and personal fees from Biogen, Horizon Therapeutics and Novartis; and travel support and personal fees from Alexion, Almirall, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi, Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics and Zambon; none related to this work. R.H. reports speaker honoraria from UCB; the Medical University of Vienna (Austria; employer of R.H.) receives payment for antibody assays and for antibody validation experiments organized by Euroimmun (Lübeck, Germany); none related to this work. L.K. is an employee of Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany. F.P. received research support from Neurosciences Clinical Research Center, German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Parexel and Almirall; honoraria for lectures, presentations and speaker honoraria from Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe and Celgene; received compensation for serving on a scientific advisory board of Celgene, Roche, UCB and Merck; and is an Academic Editor of PLos One and Associate Editor of Neurology^® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation; all unrelated to the presented work. B.W. reported grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), German Ministry of Education and Research, Baden-Württemberg Ministry for Science, Research and Art, Dietmar Hopp Foundation, Klaus Tschira Foundation, grants and personal fees from Merck, Novartis, and personal fees from Alexion, INSTAND, Roche; none related to this study. S.J., M.K.-K., A.V., V.E., M.G., D.F., K.S., J.H. and M.R. reported no conflicts of interest related to this work.

: The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the participating centres. Patients gave written informed consent. If no written consent could be obtained retrospectively, all analyses were performed in anonymized fashion as required by the institutional review board of the University of Heidelberg.