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Article History

Received: 10 November 2023

Revised: 16 February 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2024

First Online: 22 April 2024

Declarations

:

: H-P Hartung has received honoraria for serving on steering and data monitoring committees from Bayer, Biogen, GeNeuro, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and TG Therapeutics, with approval by the Rector of HHU. T Berger has participated in meetings sponsored by and received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) from pharmaceutical companies marketing treatments for multiple sclerosis: Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Biologix, Bionorica, Genzyme, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, TG Pharmaceuticals, Teva ratiopharm, and UCB. His institution has received financial support in the last 12 months by unrestricted research grants (Biogen, Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi/Genzyme, and Teva ratiopharm) and for participation in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis sponsored by Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, and Teva. R.A. Bermel has received consultation fees from Biogen, EMD Serono, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd/Genentech, Inc., Genzyme, Novartis, and Viela Bio; and has received institutional research support from Biogen, Genentech/Roche, and Novartis. B Brochet has received honoraria for consulting, speaking at scientific symposia, or serving on advisory boards from Biogen Idec., BMS-Celgene, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi. W.M. Carroll has received honoraria for serving on steering committees and advisory boards; and for speaking at scientific meetings from Bayer, Biogen Idec., Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. T Holmøy has received honoraria/consultation fees from Novartis, Biogen Idec., Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Roche. R Karabudak received honoraria for consulting, lectures, and advisory boards from Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, Novartis, Merck-Serono, Gen İlaç TR, and Teva. J Killestein has carried out contracted research for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Biogen, Teva, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi/Genzyme. C Nos or his institution has received honoraria/consultation fees from Roche and Sanofi. F Patti received personal compensation for speaking activities and serving on the advisory board by Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. He also received research grants by Biogen, Merck, FISM (Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla), RELOAD Onlus Association, and the University of Catania. A. Perrin Ross has received honoraria/consultation fees from Alexion, EMD Serono, Merck, Mallinckrodt, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Genentech, Inc., Horizon, TG Therapeutics, Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, UCB, and Sandoz and Cycle. L Vanopdenbosch has received compensation for lectures and consultancy from Biogen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Novartis, Merck-Serono, and Sanofi-Genzyme. T Vollmer has received compensation for lectures and consultancy from Biogen, Genentech/Roche, Siranax, Celgene, EMD Serono, and Novartis; and has received research support from Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Biogen, Actelion, Roche/Genentech, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, and TG Therapeutics. R Buffels was an employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. M Garas is an employee of and a shareholder in F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. K Kadner is an employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. M Manfrini is an employee of and a shareholder in F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Q Wang is an employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. M.S. Freedman has received a research grant from Genzyme Canada and honoraria/consultation fees from Actelion/Janssen, Alexion/AstraZeneca, Biogen Idec., BMS/Celgene, EMD Canada/Merck-Serono, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva Canada Innovation; is a member of a company advisory board, board of directors, or other similar group for Actelion/Janssen, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Merck-Serono, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; and has served on a speakers’ bureau for Sanofi-Genzyme and EMD Serono.

: The relevant institutional review boards/ethics committees approved the protocols ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number (NCT03085810). The consent forms had to be signed and dated by the patient or the patient’s legally authorized representative before his or her participation in the study.