Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 April 2024

Revised: 22 July 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2024

First Online: 12 September 2024

Declarations

:

: F. Clarelli, A. Corona, K. Pääkkönen, M. Sorosina, A. Zollo, F. Piehl, T. Olsson, P. Stridh, M. Jagodic, B. Hemmer, C. Gasperi, A. Harroud, K. Shchetynsky, A. Mingione, E. Mascia, K. Misra, A. Giordano, M.L. Terzi Mazzieri, A. Priori, J. Saarela, I. Kockum, M. Filippi, F. Esposito, and F. Martinelli Boneschi have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the topic of the present study. <i>T. Olsson</i> has received honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi for lectures/advisory Boards, and unrestricted MS research grants from the same companies. <i>B. Hemmer</i> has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis; he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare, Sandoz, Polpharma, Biocon, and TG therapeutics; his institution received research grants from Roche for multiple sclerosis research. He has received honoraria for counseling (Gerson Lehrmann Group). He holds part of two patents; one for the detection of antibodies against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of patients with multiple sclerosis and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon. He is associated with DIFUTURE (Data Integration for Future Medicine) [BMBF 01ZZ1804[A-I]]. <i>C. Gasperi</i> received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF—161L0216), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation—GA 2913/3–1, project number 513308106), and the Hertie Foundation (P1200018). <i>A. Harroud</i> has received consultancy fees from Biogen and Pfizer, and received compensation for serving on a scientific advisor board for Amgen. <i>A. Priori</i> is the founder and the chair of the scientific advisory board of Newronika SpA, Milan Italy. <i>M. Filippi</i> is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Associate Editor of Radiology, and Associate Editor of Neurological Sciences. He received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA). <i>F. Esposito</i> received consulting and speaking fees from Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme. <i>F. Martinelli Boneschi</i> has received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Biogen Idec, Roche, Medday, and Excemed, and received research support from Merck, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and Fondazione Cariplo.