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Article History

Received: 7 August 2024

Revised: 15 September 2024

Accepted: 29 September 2024

First Online: 12 December 2024

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standard of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendment or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.

: The patients gave spoken and written consent for publication and participation to the study.

: Rafael Klimas: received research funding from The LFB Group France and Ruhr-University, Bochum and travel funding from Grifols and Takeda; not related to this work. Dietrich Sturm: nothing to disclose. Annika Altenborg: nothing to disclose. Nayia Stylianou: nothing to disclose. Sophie Huckemann: nothing to disclose. Zornitsa Gasz: nothing to disclose. Jörg Philipps: nothing to disclose. Thomas Grüter: received travel funding and speaker honoraria from CSL Behring, Sanofi, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Viatris, none related to this work. Greiner Tineke: nothing to disclose. Lynn Eitner: nothing to disclose. Tineke Greiner: nothing to disclose. Christoph Meier: nothing to disclose. Elena Enax-Krumova: nothing to disclose. Matthias Vorgerd: nothing to disclose. Peter Schwenkreis: received speaker honoraria from Merck Healthcare and Novartis Pharma, and funding from Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW), none related to this work. Ralf Gold: serves on scientific advisory boards for Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; serves as editor for Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Diseases and on the editorial boards of Experimental Neurology and the Journal of Neuroimmunology; and receives research support from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Novartis, none related to this manuscript. Anna Lena Fisse: received research funding by Georgius Agricola Stiftung Ruhr and Ruhr-University, Bochum (FoRUM-program), received honoraria and travel grants from Novartis AG, Sanofi and Eisai GmbH, none related to this work. Owns shares of Fresenius SE & Co., Gilead Sciences, Medtronic PLC and Novartis AG. Jeremias Motte: received travel grants from Biogen idec, Novartis AG, Teva and Eisai GmbH, his research is funded by Klaus Tschira Foundation and Ruhr-University, Bochum (FoRUM-program); none related to this work. Kalliopi Pitarokoili: received travel funding and speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis and Bayer Schering Pharma and funding from the Ruhr-University, Bochum (FORUM-Program), none related to this work.