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Article History

Received: 4 October 2024

Revised: 8 December 2024

Accepted: 10 December 2024

First Online: 7 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Aurelian Schumacher has none related to this manuscript. Alina Hieke has none related to this manuscript. Marie Spenner has none related to this manuscript. Fynn Schmitz has none related to this manuscript. Melissa Sgodzai has none related to this manuscript. Rafael Klimas received research funding from The LFB Group France and Ruhr-University, Bochum and travel funding from Grifols and Takeda; not related to this work. Jil Brünger has none related to this manuscript. Sophie Huckemann has none related to this manuscript. Jeremias Motte: received travel grants and speaker honoraria from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Biogen idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis AG, Teva, Kyverna therapeutics and Eisai GmbH, his research is funded by Klaus Tschira Foundation and Ruhr-University, Bochum (FoRUM-program); Hertie foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Deutsche Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft (DMSG), Biogen idec; Novartis, kyverna Therapeutics; none related to this work. Anna Lena Fisse received research funding by Georgius Agricola Stiftung Ruhr and Ruhr-University, Bochum (FoRUM-program), received honoraria and travel grants from Novartis AG, Sanofi and Eisai GmbH, none related to this work. Owns shares of Fresenius SE & Co., Gilead Sciences, Medtronic PLC and Novartis AG. None related to this work. Ralf Gold serves on scientific advisory boards for Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; serves as editor for Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Diseases and on the editorial boards of Experimental Neurology and the Journal of Neuroimmunology; and receives research support from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Novartis, none related to this manuscript. Kalliopi Pitarokoili received travel funding and speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis and Bayer Schering Pharma and funding from the Ruhr-University, Bochum (FORUM-Program), none related to this work. Thomas Grüter received travel funding and speaker honoraria from CSL Behring, Sanofi, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Viatris, none related to this work.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 and approved by the local ethics committee of the Ruhr University Bochum (20-6827).