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Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Revised: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 14 March 2025

First Online: 25 March 2025

Declarations

:

: H.K., N.K.P., S.D., C.K., S.T., A.M.K., R.L.C., V.L., and J.R.M. report no conflicts interest. S.J.P. reports receiving grants, personal fees paid to Mayo Clinic, and nonfinancial support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and MedImmune, Inc./Viela Bio; receiving personal fees from Genentech/Roche, UCB, and Astellas, outside the submitted work; holding patent 8,889,102 (application 12–678350) issued and patent 9,891,219B2 (application 12–573942) issued. A.Z. has patent applications pending on CAMKV-IgG, PDE10A-IgG, and DACH1-IgG as biomarkers of paraneoplastic neurological autoimmunity and has received research funding from Genentech. A.M. reports research funding from National Institutes of Health (NIH: RO1NS126227, U01NS120901), patents issued for GFAP and MAP1B-IgGs and patents pending for CAMKV, PDE10A, Septins-5 and -7, and KLHL11-IgGs, and has consulted for Janssen and Roche pharmaceuticals, without personal compensation. M.G. has a patent pending for CAMKV-IgG. D.D. has consulted for UCB, Immunovant, Argenx, Arialys, and Astellas pharmaceuticals. All compensation for consulting activities is paid directly to Mayo Clinic. He is a named inventor on filed patent that relates to KLHL11 as marker of autoimmunity and germ cell tumor. He has patents pending for LUZP4-IgG, cavin-4-IgG and SKOR2-IgG as markers of neurological autoimmunity. He has received funding from the DOD (CA210208, PR220430 & AL240239), David J. Tomassoni ALS Research Grant Program and UCB.

: The studies involving humans was approved by Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (IRB#08–006647). The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. This research was carried out utilizing residual serum/CSF samples received at Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology laboratory for clinical neural autoantibody evaluation. Clinical information was collected from the managing physician for the purposes of autoantibody development or validation. The study carried out for identification and confirmation of the putative autoantibody was covered by IRB#08–006647, in compliance with the applicable regulations for the protection of human subjects and with Mayo Clinic Institutional Policies.