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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Revised: 8 March 2025

Accepted: 14 March 2025

First Online: 1 April 2025

Declarations

:

: B.K., B.B., Z.A., J.CJ., and J.B: nothing to disclose. R.S. has received speaker's honoraria from Bayer HealthCare, Alexion Pharma, Novartis Pharma, and Roche Pharma AG, congress travel support from Merck, Biogen Idec GmbH, and has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma. R.G.: has received compensation for serving as a consultant or speaker from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience; he, or the institution he works for, has received research support from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience; he has also received honoraria as a Journal Editor from SAGE and Thieme Verlag. C.L.: received a research grant by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research, BMBF, German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Grant No. 01GI1601I, has received consulting and speaker's honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering, Daiichi Sanykyo, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi, Genzyme, and TEVA.e. T.L.: has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma.

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Ruhr University Bochum (Approval No. 20–7054-BR), and all patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.