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Article History

Received: 2 February 2025

Revised: 1 April 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 17 April 2025

Declarations

:

: A.T. received research grants from the German Heredo-Ataxia Society (Deutsche Heredo-Ataxie-Gesellschaft e.V.), Mercur Research Center Ruhr (Essen, Germany), “Freunde und Förderer der Neurologie der Universitätsmedizin Essen” and a scholarship of UMEA/DFG [University Medicine Essen Clinician Scientist Academy—a program funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG); FU356/12–1 and FU356/12–2]. M.M. was supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, MI 709/2–1) and by the German Heredo-Ataxia Society (Deutsche Heredo-Ataxie-Gesellschaft e.V.), and received honoraria from Biogen, unrelated to this research. F.E. received a scholarship of UMEA/DFG (University Medicine Essen Clinician Scientist Academy—a program funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG); FU356/12–2), unrelated to the present manuscript. Ka.R. received grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01DN18022), the German Research Foundation (DFG; IRTG 2150), Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research within the Faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University, Germany (OC2); “Alzheimer Forschung Initiative e.V.” (NL- 18002 CB), Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance (FARA), and honoraria for presentations from Roche, Biogen, Lilly, and EISAI and for advisory board membership of Roche and Biogen, all unrelated to the present manuscript. I.D. received grants from Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance (FARA) and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University (OC2), all unrelated to the present manuscript. Ma.Sy. has received consultancy honoraria from Ionis, UCB, Prevail, Orphazyme, Biogen, Servier, Reata, GenOrph, AviadoBio, Biohaven, Zevra, Lilly, Quince, and Solaxa, all unrelated to the present manuscript. D.T. received grants from the German Research Foundation, the European Union and the Bernd Fink Foundation, all unrelated to the present manuscript. All other authors declare no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest. The above-mentioned funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

: This study was approved by the local ethics committees of the participating sites and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its later amendments.

: Participants’ written informed consent was obtained prior to any study-related procedures.