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Authors
Liu, Wen
Han, Yinlian
Liu, Yuqian
Tian, Min
Liu, Heyin
Yang, Yang
Liu, Jinde
Song, Chengyuan
Liu, Yiming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-7197
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82171245)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (NO.ZR2023MH038)
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2024
Revised: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 3 April 2025
First Online: 2 May 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.
: The data were retrieved from the PPMI, an online database that provides de-identified clinical data. That study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines after approval of the local ethics committees of the participating sites. For up-to-date information on the study, visit .
: The PPMI study protocol was registered on June 8, 2010 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifer: NCT01141023). The study was approved by the institutinal review board at each research site. All participants provided written informed consent.
