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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Revised: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2025

First Online: 27 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Claudio Gasperini received honoraria for speaking and travel grants from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Bristol Mayer, Roche, Viatris, Sanofi, Sandoz, Astra Zeneca and Almirall. Diego Centonze acted as an Advisory Board member and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Amicus, Bayer, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chiesi, GW Pharmaceuticals, Horizon, Janssen, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Viatris, and Teva; he is also the Principal Investigator in clinical trials of Biogen, BMS, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Actelion; his preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, BMS, Biogen, Celgene, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva. Antonella Conte received speaking honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, BMS, Allmiral, Merck, Lundbeck and research support from Biogen. Paolo Gallo has been a consultant and member of Advisory Board for Bayer Schering, Biogen Italy, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Almirall, Roche and Novartis Farma; has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Merck-Serono, Biogen Idec, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis-Pharma, Teva, Roche, Almirall and Bayer-Schering Pharma; has received research support from Bayer, Biogen Italy, Merk-Serono, Genzyme, Roche, Novartis and Teva. Alessandra Lugaresi has served as an Amgen/Horizon, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme Advisory Board Member. She received congress and travel/accommodation expense compensations or speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM). Her institutions received research grants from Novartis, Roche and Sanofi/Genzyme. Francesco Patti received compensation for participation in advisory boards and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol Meyers and Squibb, Janssen, Merch, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sandoz; received reserach grants from Biogen, Sanofi, Ministero della Ricerca, Ministero della Salute, and FISM; he is Associate Editor of Forntiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Immunology, and Neurology and Therapy. Maria Trojano has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Novartis, Roche, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Sandoz and Celgene (BMS); has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Roche, Sanofi, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Sandoz, Alexion and Novartis. Maria Pia Amato has received research grants from the National MS Society, Canadian MS Society, Italian Health Ministry, Regione Toscana, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche; and honoraria as a speaker and member of advisory boards from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche, Celgene BMS, Sandoz; she is member of the Editorial Board of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal. Massimo Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: Not applicable.