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Article History

Received: 17 February 2025

Revised: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 16 May 2025

First Online: 10 June 2025

Declarations

:

: FBV received travel support by TEVA and a research grant (“Young talents in clinical research”) by the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and of the G. & J. Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation. KS and SS are supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P3_216468). NCF is an employee of Neurostatus-UHB MD is CEO of Neurostatus AG and has received travel support from Bayer AG, Biogen, Teva Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi Genzyme and research support from the University Hospital of Basel. JO served on advisory boards for Roche and Merck. KG is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant No SNF212656. MD’S is an employee of the University Hospital Basel and the CEO of Neurostatus-UHB Ltd. He has received research support from the University Hospital Basel. LK has received no personal compensation. His institutions (University Hospital Basel/Foundation Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel) have received and used exclusively for research support: payments for steering committee and advisory board participation, consultancy services, and participation in educational activities from: Actelion, Bayer, BMS, df-mp Molnia & Pohlmann, Celgene, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech, Glaxo Smith Kline, Janssen, Japan Tobacco, Merck, MH Consulting, Minoryx, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Senda Biosciences Inc., Sanofi, Santhera, Shionogi BV, TG Therapeutics, and Wellmera, and license fees for Neurostatus-UHB products; grants from Novartis, Innosuisse, and Roche. AC: has received speaker honoraria from Novartis and Roche. CG: The University Hospital Basel (USB), as the employer of C.G., has received the following fees which were used exclusively for research support: (i) advisory board and consultancy fees from Actelion, Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro and Roche; (ii) speaker fees from Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro and Roche; (iii) research support from Siemens, GeNeuro, Roche. JK received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and/or served on advisory boards by Swiss MS Society, Swiss National Research Foundation (320030_189140/1 and 320030_212534/1), University of Basel, Progressive MS Alliance, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Octave Bioscience, Roche, Sanofi. AP received speaker fees/fees for advisory boards/for consulting from Sanofi Genzyme, Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Lundbeck, Pfizer and TEVA (all used for her research in the University of Basel) and travel support from Bayer AG, Abbvie, Teva and Hoffmann-LaRoche. Her research was supported by the University- and University Hospital of Basel, the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, the “Stiftung zur Förderung der gastroenterologischen und allgemeinen klinischen Forschung sowie der medizinischen Bildauswertung”, the “Freie Akademische Gesellschaft Basel” and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Project numbers: P300PB_174480 and currently: PZ00P3_216468). The other co-authors have nothing to disclose.

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ); under the Project ID: 2023–02144) and conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent before inclusion in the study.