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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Revised: 19 May 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 6 June 2025

Declarations

:

: C. Zanetta received compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services, from Alexion, Amgen, Astrazeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi. C. Gasperini received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, or educational events by Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, Sandoz. M.P. Amato has received research grants by the National MS Society, Canadian MS Society, Italian Health Ministry, Regione Toscana, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche, and honoraria as a speaker and member of advisory boards by Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Almirall, Roche, Celgene BMS, Sandoz. She is member of the Editorial Board of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal. D. Centonze acted as Advisory Board member of Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, SanofiGenzyme, and Teva and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. He is also the principal investigator in clinical trials for Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva. P. Gallo has nothing to disclose. F. Patti has received honoraria for speaking activities by Alexion, Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and TEVA; he also served as advisory board member for the following companies: Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and TEVA; he was funded by Pfizer and FISM for epidemiological studies; he received grants for congress participation from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer Shering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and TEVA. A. Riva has received speaker’s honoraria from the following companies: Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, ViiV, Gilead and MSD. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.