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Authors
Cope, Sarah R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1672-9459
Smith, Jared G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-136X
El-Leithy, Sharif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-2810
Vanzan, Serena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-8874
Hogwood, Patricia
Golder, Dawn
Turner, Kati Jane
Crowley, Maeve
Billings, Jo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-2440
Pick, Susannah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2001-6723
Pentland, Caitlin
Edwards, Mark J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-9015
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research for Patient Benefit Programme (202277)
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Revised: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 8 July 2025
Declarations
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: M.J.E. does medical expert reporting in personal injury and clinical negligence cases. M.J.E. has shares in Brain & Mind, which provides neuropsychiatric and neurological rehabilitation in the independent medical sector. M.J.E. has received financial support for lectures from the International Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Society and the FND Society (FNDS). M.J.E. receives royalties from Oxford University Press for his book The Oxford Specialist Handbook of Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorder. M.J.E has received honoraria for medical advice to Teva Pharmaceuticals and educational events. M.J.E. receives grant funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). M.J.E. is an associate editor of the European Journal of Neurology. M.J.E is a board member of the FNDS. M.J.E. is on the medical advisory boards of the charities FND Hope UK and the British Association of Performing Arts Medicine. SC, JGS, SEL, SV, PH, DG, KJT, MC, JB, SP, and CP declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: This study was approved by the NHS West Midlands-Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee and Health Research Authority. All participants provided written informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Trial Registration: NCT05455450 ().
