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Article History

Received: 27 March 2025

Revised: 22 May 2025

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 10 July 2025

Declarations

:

: LMB holds consultancy contracts with Annexon Biosciences, Remix Therapeutics, PTC Therapeutics, Alchemab Therapeutics, Latus Bio, and LoQus23 Therapeutics Ltd via UCL Consultants Ltd. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). AN received consultancy fees during the design phase of AccessPD and reports consultancy and personal fees from AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Profile, Roche, Biogen, UCB, Bial, Charco Neurotech, Alchemab, Sosei Heptares and Britannia, outside the submitted work. AN is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. In the last 3 years, JC has received support from the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (National Institute for Health Research, NIHR), the UK MS Society, the US National MS Society and the Rosetrees Trust. He is supported in part by the NIHR University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. He has been a local principal investigator for a trial in MS funded by MS Canada. A local principal investigator for commercial trials funded by: Ionis and Roche; and has taken part in advisory boards/consultancy for Biogen, Contineum Therapeutics, Lucid, Merck, NervGen, Novartis and Roche. SJT reports that over the past 3 years consultancy fees for advisory services were paid to University College London Consultants, a wholly-owned subsidiary of University College London from the following companies: Alchemab, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Annexon Bioscience, Arrowhead, Atalanta Therapeutics, Biogen, Catapult, Design Therapeutics, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ipsen, Iris Medicine, Latus Bio, LifeEdit, Novartis Pharma, Pfizer, Prilenia, Prime Global, PTC Therapeutics, Remix, Rgenta Therapeutics, SkyHawk, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Triplet Therapeutics, UniQure Biopharma, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Vico Therapeutics, Wave Life Sciences. SJT has also consulted for Abingworth, Ascidian Therapeutics, EQT, Cure Ventures, FunctionRX, Harrisson & Star, and IQVIA through the office of Celtic Phenomenon. In the past 3 years, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Professor Tabrizi’s host clinical institution, received funding to run clinical trials for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Novartis Pharma, PTC Therapeutics, and UniQure Biopharma.

: This study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by local ethics committees including The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Institute of Neurology Joint Research Ethics Committee (HD and controls; ref: 03/N008); London—City & East Research Ethics committee (ALS, MS; ref: 09/H0703/27); South West – Central Bristol Research Ethics Committee (PD: PR 18/SW/0255).

: All participants within the study gave written informed consent before blood collection.