Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Revised: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Declarations

:

: M. Rubin, G. Cutillo and V. Viti have nothing to disclose. M. Margoni reports grants and personal fees from Sanofi Genzyme, Merck Serono, Roche, Biogen, Amgen and Novartis. P. Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon and Sanofi, he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. C. Zanetta received compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services, from Alexion, Astrazeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi. A. Bellini has nothing to disclose. L. Moiola received speaker honoraria from Roche. G. F. Fanelli has nothing to disclose. M. A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche; and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for Multiple Sclerosis Journal. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: Due to the nature of the study, no ethical approval was required.