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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Revised: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 5 July 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Declarations

:

: V. Castelnovo has nothing to disclose; E. Canu has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health; S. Basaia, E.G. Spinelli, F. Freri, P. Schito, T. Russo, Y. Falzone have nothing to disclose; F. Verde is Associate Editor for Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease; S. Torre has nothing to disclose; B. Poletti received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Liquidweb S.r.l. She is Associate Editor for Frontiers in Neuroscience; L. Tremolizzo, I. Appollonio, N. Ticozzi have nothing to disclose; V. Silani received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from AveXis, Cytokinetics, Italfarmaco, Liquidweb S.r.l., Novartis Pharma AG, Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, and Zambon Biotech SA; he receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA, and E-Rare Joint Transnational Call; he is in the Editorial Board of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, European Neurology, American Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Frontiers in Neurology, and Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy; M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla; F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Roche, Eli Lilly and GE Healthcare, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France).

: Before participating, all participants provided written informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The local ethical standards committee on human experimentation approved the study protocol.