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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Revised: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Declarations

:

: S Guerrieri received compensation for speaking activities from Bristol Squibb Meyer, Novartis, Merck. I Gattuso has nothing to disclose. A Genchi has nothing to disclose. A Nozzolillo has nothing to disclose. V Viti has nothing to disclose. C Zanetta received compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services, from Alexion, Amgen, Astrazeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi. GD'Amore has nothing to disclose. M.A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Roche and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for Multiple Sclerosis Journal. L Moiola received compensation for speaking activities, travel grant, and participation in advisory board from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck Serono, Biogen, and Alexion. M Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology; Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; and received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. He receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: The present study was conducted in accordance to the Helsinki Declaration (Fortaleza revision, 2013) and with European and Italian regulations about privacy. Patient gave informed consent to study inclusion and to publication of the case report.