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Article History

Received: 22 May 2025

Revised: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 10 August 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests in relation to this work.Potential conflicts of interest outside the submitted work are as follows:M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.Maria Pia Amato has served on Scientific Advisory Boards for Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme and Teva; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Novartis and Teva; has received research grants for her Institution from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis and Roche. She is co-Editor of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and Associate Editor of Frontiers in Neurology.Diego Centonze is an Advisory Board member or has given advice to Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; has received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; is the principal investigator in clinical trials for Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva.Paolo Gallo has been a consultant and member of Advisory Board for Biogen Italy, Sanofy, Merck, Almirall, Roche and Novartis, has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Merck-Serono, Biogen Idec, Sanofi, Novartis-Pharma, Roche, has received research support from Bayer, Biogen Italy, Merk, Sanofi, Roche, Novartis.Claudio Gasperini has served on Scientific Advisory Boards for Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Bayer, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Novartis, Almirall, Mylan.Matilde Inglese has received research grants from NIH, NMSS, FISM, EU. She is co-Editor of multiple sclerosis journal. She has received fees for participation in advisory boards from Biogen, Merck, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi.Francesco Patti is involved in Advisor activity for: Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and TEVA; in Speaking activity for: Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Merck, Sanofi and TEVA and in Research grants for: Biogen, Merck, Roche, ISS, FISM and MIUR FIR.Carlo Pozzilli is involved in scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Novartis, Janssen and Almirall; consulting and/or speaking fees from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol Myers, Janssen Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Novartis, and Biogen. Research support from Merck, Hoffman- La Roche, Novartis, Biogen.Paolo Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon and Sanofi, he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.Maria Trojano has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Novartis, Roche, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Sandoz and Celgene (BMS); has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Roche, Sanofi, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Sandoz, Alexion and Novartis.

: Not applicable.