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Authors
Reeves, Jack A. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4079-5664
Tranquille, Ashley
Bartnik, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-7377
Mohebbi, Maryam https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8429-3254
Salman, Fahad https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3873-2301
Jakimovski, Dejan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4958
Schweser, Ferdinand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-9211
Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6732-151X
Dwyer, Michael G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4684-4658
Tavazzi, Eleonora https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2580-3646
Zivadinov, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7799-1485
Bergsland, Niels https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7792-0433
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Annette Funicello Research Fund for Neurological Diseases
Jacquemin Family Foundation
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Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Revised: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: Jack A. Reeves has nothing to disclose. Ashley Tranquille has nothing to disclose. Alexander Bartnik has nothing to disclose. Maryam Mohebbi has nothing to disclose. Fahad Salman has nothing to disclose. Dejan Jakimovski has nothing to disclose. Ferdinand Schweser has nothing to disclose. Bianca Weinstock-Guttman has participated in speaker’s bureaus and/or served as a consultant for Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Genentech, Celgene/Bristol Meyers Squibb, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Janssen, Labcorp and Horizon. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman also has received grant/research support from the agencies listed in the previous sentence. She serves in the editorial board for BMJ Neurology, Children, CNS Drugs, MS International and Frontiers Epidemiology. Michael G. Dwyer has received personal compensation from Mapi Pharma for consultant fees. He received financial support for research activities from Bristol Myers Squibb, Mapi Pharma, Protembis and V-WAVE Medical. Eleonora Tavazzi has nothing to disclose. Robert Zivadinov has received personal compensation from Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Sanofi, Janssen, Sanofi, 415 Capital, Filterlex and Mapi Pharma for speaking and consultant fees. He received financial support for research activities from Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Octave, Mapi Pharma, CorEvitas, Protembis and V-WAVE Medical. Niels Bergsland has nothing to disclose.
: Approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University at Buffalo.
: All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
