Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 May 2025

Revised: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 6 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Rowaid Ahmad-nothing to disclose; Caitlin Jackson-Tarlton -speaking, consulting, and/or advisory board participation for Novartis, Biogen, EMD Serono, Hoffmann La Roche, and Amgen Horizon unrelated to the current work; Eoin Flanagan-advisory boards for Alexion, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics and UCB, research support from UCB, royalties from UpToDate, site principal investigator in a randomized clinical trial of Rozanolixizumab for relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease run by UCB, site principal investigator and a member of the steering committee for a clinical trial of satralizumab for relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease run by Roche/Genentech, Co-Investigator on a study of ravulizumab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder run by Alexion, has given educational talks on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder funded by Alexion, has received funding from the NIH (R01NS113828), honoraria for editing and writing articles for The Continuum Lifelong Learning in Neurology Journal, member of the medical advisory board of the MOG project and Sumaira Foundation, editorial board member of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, The Journal of the Neurological Sciences and Neuroimmunology Reports, patent submitted on DACH1-IgG as a biomarker of paraneoplastic autoimmunity; Steven Messina-nothing to disclose; W Scott Harmsen—nothing to disclose; Tuba Chaudhry-nothing to disclose; Nabeela Nathoo—nothing to disclose; W Oliver Tobin—research funding from NIH and Mayo Clinic Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, book royalties from Oxford University Press; Michel Toledano – grant support from NINDS and serves on the Advisory Editorial Board of The Neurohospitalist. Sean Pittock -grant support from NINDS; Claudia Lucchinetti—grant support from NIH and NINDS, Patent Number: US 11219402 Imaging biomarkers of neurologic disease, Patent Number: 7101679 NMO-IGG: marker autoantibody of neuromyelitis optica; Brian Weinshenker—chair of attack adjudication committees for clinical trials in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders for Alexion, VielaBio/Horizon Therapeutics, and UCB Biosciences, consulted with Genentech, Roche and CANbridge Pharmaceuticals regarding clinical trial designs for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, speaking fees from Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Roche and Mitsubishi Tanabe, patent for NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, royalties paid by Hospice Civil de Lyon, MVZ PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, Oxford University and RSR Limited; Orhun Kantarci—research support from PCORI, UK MS Society, NMSS, NIAID, NINDS, book royalties Oxford University Press; B Mark Keegan—consulting from Moderna, EMD Serono, Tr1X, Inc, book royalties Oxford University Press, philanthropic support from Mr. Ryan N. Lambert and Family.

: This study was approved by the Mayo Foundation Institutional Review Board (No. 09007045).

: All participants included had consented to the use of their medical records for research purposes.