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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Revised: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 4 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Juliane Sachau received travel support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Pfizer, consultant fees from Pfizer Pharma GmbH and AstraZeneca GmbH and speaker fees from Grünenthal GmbH, AstraZeneca and Alnylam Germany GmbH. Maike F. Dohrn received financial reimbursement for consulting and advisory board activities and travel support to attend scientific meetings by Akcea Therapeutics Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Astra Zeneca PLC, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and SOBI GmbH. She further received research funding by Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (ASPIRE 2018). She is a consultant for Applied Therapeutics Inc. Jan Vollert has holds an investigator-initiated grant funded by Viatris. Katrin Hahn received financial reimbursement for consulting, advisory board activities, speaker fees, and/or contributions to congresses and travel support to attend scientific meetings by Akcea Therapeutics Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Amicus, AstraZeneca, GSK, Hormosan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Inc., Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum Inc. and ViiV Healthcare GmbH. KH further received research funding by the foundation Charité (BIH clinical fellow), Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Timon Hansen participated in advisory boards and/or received speaker fees from Alexion, Alnylam, Amgen, BMS, GSK, Janssen, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, and Sanofi. Stefan Gingele reports research support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Hannover Biomedical Research School (HBRS) and consulting and/or speaker honoraria from Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, GSK, Pfizer, Merck, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals all outside the submitted work. Elena Enax-Krumova holds an endowed professorship funded by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) since 2019, has received a grant from the Georg Agricola Ruhr foundation and from the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (grant nr. 50WK2273B) as well as personal fees from Novartis GmbH, Casquar GmbH, OmegaPharma GmbH and painCert GmbH. Ralf Baron reports grant/research support by EU Projects: “Europain “ (115007). DOLORisk (633491). IMI Paincare (777500), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): Verbundprojekt: Frühdetektion von Schmerzchronifizierung (NoChro) (13GW0338C), German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (01EM0903), Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Sanofi Genzyme GmbH, Grünenthal GmbH, Mundipharma Research GmbH und Co. KG., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Zambon GmbH, Bayer AG, and Sanofi Aventis GmbH; speaker fees from Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Sanofi Genzyme GmbH, Grünenthal GmbH, Mundipharma, Lilly GmbH, Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH, Teva GmbH, Bayer AG, MSD GmbH, Seqirus Australia Pty. Ltd, Novartis Pharma GmbH, TAD Pharma GmbH, Grünenthal SA Portugal, Grünenthal Pharma AG Schweiz, Grünenthal B.V. Niederlande, Evapharma, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG Schweiz, Ology Medical Education Netherlands, Ever Pharma GmbH, Amicus Therapeutics GmbH, Novo Nordisk Pharma GmbH, Chiesi GmbH, Stada Mena DWC LLC Dubai, Hexal AG, and Viatris; and consultant fees from Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Sanofi Genzyme GmbH, Grünenthal GmbH, Lilly, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biogenidec, AstraZeneca GmbH, Daiichi Sankyo, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals S.A., Seqirus Australia Pty. Ltd, Teva Pharmaceuticals Europe Niederlande, Teva GmbH, Genentech, Mundipharma International Ltd. UK, Galapagos NV, Kyowa Kirin GmbH, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biotest AG, Celgene GmbH, Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. USA, Theranexus DSV CEA Frankreich, Abbott Products Operations AG Schweiz, Bayer AG, Grünenthal Pharma AG Schweiz, Akcea Therapeutics Germany GmbH, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Air Liquide Sante International Frankreich, Alnylam Germany GmbH, Lateral Pharma Pty Ltd, Hexal AG, Angelini, Janssen, SIMR Biotech Pty Ltd Australien, Confo Therapeutics N. V. Belgium, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Neumentum Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Switzerland, AlgoTherapeutix SAS France, Nanobiotix SA France, and AmacaThera Inc. Canada. Lena Rhode, Stefanie Rehm, Manon Sendel, Thomas Skripuletz, and Klarissa Stürner do not report competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the local Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel (Date October 22, 2019/No. 547/19).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.