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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Revised: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: RO, LS, JK: Employees of jung diagnostics GmbH, TB: nothing to disclose, HR: Has received advisory board fees from Roche, Merck, Biogen, BMS, Novartis and speaker’s honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Merck, Novartis und Sanofi, MK: nothing to disclose, NW: nothing to disclose, SD: nothing to disclose, RK: Has received advisory board fees from Bayer Vital GmbH, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi-Aventis und Janssen. GR: nothing to disclose, JKu: Research grants, travel grants and honoraria for serving as a speaker at clinical and scientific meetings and for participating at adboards were granted from Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Daiichi-Sankyo, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Teva and UCB. IN: nothing to disclose, FH: nothing to disclose, GT: nothing to disclose, AS: nothing to disclose, DE: Nothing to disclose. HT: Has participated in meetings sponsored by or received honoraria for acting as an advisor/speaker for Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Diamed, Fresenius, Fujirebio, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Siemens, Teva, and Viatris. He also acknowledges research support by DMSG (German Multiple Sclerosis Society), MWK-BW (Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of the State Baden-Württemberg), BMG (Federal Ministry of Health), University of Ulm, and Chemische Fabrik Karl Bucher. HK: Has received travel grants, speaker honoraria, financial research support, and consultancy fees from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Siemens, and Teva; served on advisory boards for Biogen, Ixico, and Novartis; received research grants from Novartis. TZ: Has received advisory board fees from Viatris, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Roche, Sanofi and Teva; speaker fees from Almirall, Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanoz, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Neuraxpharm, Teva, and Viatris and research support from Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi.