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Article History

Received: 30 May 2025

Revised: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 23 August 2025

First Online: 3 September 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. D. Aslan, S. Bourabia, B. Kowall, and M. F. Yetkin: nothing to declare. A. Straukiene: Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme and Viatris (speaking and lecture fees, consultation or advisory fees, travel reimbursement). K. F. Jendretzky: Merck, Neuraxpharm, and Novartis (travel reimbursement). F. F. Konen: Argenx, Alexion (consultation or advisory fees), Argenx, Alexion, Merck (speaking and lecture fees), Argenx, Alexion, Merck, Novartis (travel reimbursement). T. Skripuletz: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Merck, Novartis, Siemens (research grant), Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Argenx, Bayer Vital, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centogene, CSL Behring, Euroimmun, Grifols, Hexal AG, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Teva, Viatris (speaking and lecture fees, travel reimbursement), Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Argenx, Biogen, Centogene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Hexal AG, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Viatris (consultation or advisory fees). A. Siva: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Teva, Biogen Idec/Gen Pharma of Turkey, Alexion, and Abdi Ibrahim Ilaç, Turkey (consultation or advisory fees, speaking and lecture fees and/or travel reimbursement). T. Hagenacker: Alexion, Argenx, Biogen, Roche, UCB, Sanofi (consultation or advisory fees/speaking and lecture fees), Roche and Biogen (funding or grants). C. Kleinschnitz: Neuroscience Fondation, University Münster, Germany and Corona Foundation (board membership), Biontech, Merck, Dermapharm (equity and stock ownership), Alexion, Amgen, Argenx, Astra Zenica, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers-Squibb, C.T.I., Daiichi Sankyo, derCampus, Docspert, Doctorflix, Esai, GE Healthcare, Horizon Therapeutics, Hexal, impulze, Janssen/Johnson-Johnson, Lilly, MedTriX, Merck, Neuroaxpharm, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Roland Winter, Sanofi-Aventis, Sandoz, Schmitz, Visuelle Kommunikation, Simon Kucher & Partner, Stada, StreamedUp!, Teva (consulation or advisory fees), Alexion, Amgen, Argenx, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers-Squibb, C.T.I., Daiichi Sankyo, derCampus, Docspert, Doctorflix, Esai, GE Healthcare, Horizon Therapeutics, Hexal, impulse, Janssen/Johnson-Johnson, Lilly, MedTriX, Merck, Neuroaxpharm, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Roland Winter, Sanofi-Aventis, Sandoz, Schmitz Visuelle Kommunikation, Simon Kucher & Partner, Stada, StreamedUp!, Teva, Viatris (speaking and lecture fees, travel reimbursement). R. Pul: Alexion, Amgen/Horizon, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Bristol-Mayers Squibb/Celgene, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi (consultation or advisory fees, speaking and lecture fees and/or travel reimbursement), Merck and Novartis (funding or grants). J. Skuljec: Alexion, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi (speaking and lecture fees), Novartis and Sanofi (travel reimbursement).

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University Duisburg-Essen (Nr. 22–10594-BO).