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Article History

Received: 8 June 2025

Revised: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 23 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

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: Katherine Y. Ko has no competing interests to declare. Christina Kazzi has no competing interests to declare. Nabil Seery has received conference fee sponsorship from Roche. Sarah Griffith has no competing interests to declare. Robb Wesselingh has no competing interests to declare. Tiffany Rushen has no competing interests to declare. Tracie H. Tan has received travel support from Biogen. Hannah Ford has no competing interests to declare. Catherine Meade has no competing interests to declare. Marie O’Shea has no competing interests to declare. Laurie McLaughlin has received educational event support from Roche, Biogen, and Merck. Genevieve Skinner has no competing interests to declare. Katherine Buzzard has no competing interests to declare. Mirasol Forcadela has no competing interests to declare. Amy Halliday has no competing interests to declare. Andrew Duncan has no competing interests to declare. Ernest G. Butler has no competing interests to declare. Anneke Van Der Walt has no competing interests to declare. Tomas Kalincik served on scientific advisory boards or as a consultant for MS International Federation and World Health Organisation, Therapeutic Goods Administration, BMS, Roche, Janssen, Genzyme, Novartis, Merck, and Biogen; received conference travel support and/or speaker honoraria from WebMD Global, Merck, Sandoz, Novartis, Biogen, Roche, Eisai, Genzyme, Teva, and BioCSL; and received research or educational event support from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Celgene, and Merck. Wendyl D’Souza’s salary is part-funded by The University of Melbourne. He has received travel, investigator-initiated, scientific advisory board, and speaker honoraria from UCB Pharma Australia & Global; investigator-initiated, scientific advisory board, travel, and speaker honoraria from Eisai Australia & Global; advisory board honoraria from LivaNova and Tilray; educational grants from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi-Synthelabo; educational, travel, and fellowship grants from GSK Neurology Australia; and a travel grant from LivaNova. He has an equity interest in the device company EpiMinder. Udaya Seneviratne has received royalties from Taylor & Francis Publishers for a book publication. Katherine Buzzard has received speaker’s honoraria and/or educational support from Alexion, UCB, Argenx, Biogen, Merck, and Novartis. She has served on advisory boards for Merck, UCB, Alexion, Novartis, Argenx, and Biogen. Richard MacDonell or his institution have received remuneration for speaking engagements, advisory board memberships, research, and travel from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bayer, Roche, Teva, Novartis, CSL, BMS, MedDay, and NHMRC. Sudarshini Ramanathan has no competing interests to declare. Stefan Blum is and has been involved in clinical trials sponsored by Roche, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, CSL, Clene Nanomedicine, Biogen, and Merck. His institution has received honoraria for advisory boards and speaking honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Roche, and Novartis. Stephen W. Reddel has received travel support, honoraria, trial payments, and research and clinical support to the neurology department or academic projects of which he is a member from bodies and charities including NHMRC, MRFF, NBA, Myasthenia Alliance Australia, Beeren Foundation; and from pharmaceutical/biological companies: Alexion, Argenx, Biogen, CSL, Genzyme, Grifols, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB over the past five years. Todd A. Hardy has no conflicts of interest to declare. Helmut Butzkueven has received travel support from Merck and Novartis. His institutions (Monash University, MSBase Foundation) received compensation for consulting, talks, and advisory/steering board activities from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Genzyme, and Alfred Health; and research support from Novartis, Biogen, Roche, Merck, NHMRC, Pennycook Foundation, Trish MS Foundation, and MS Australia. Terence J. O’Brien has received research funding from Eisai, UCB Pharma, LivaNova, ES Therapeutics, and Kinoxis Therapeutics. He has also received competitive grant funding from the NHMRC, MRFF, NINDS, and the DoD. Rubina Alpitsis has no competing interests to declare. Charles B. Malpas has received conference travel support and/or speaker fees from Merck, Novartis, and Biogen. He has received research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital Neuroscience Foundation, and Dementia Australia. Mastura Monif has served on the advisory board for Merck, Novartis, and Alexion. She has received speaker honoraria from Merck, Biogen, and Novartis. Her institution receives funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.