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Authors
Ledda, Claudia
Imbalzano, Gabriele
Scaglia, Elena
Artusi, Carlo Alberto
Nicoletti, Alessandra
Erro, Roberto
Rinaldi, Domiziana
Gallo, Silvia
Montanaro, Elisa
Zibetti, Maurizio
Rizzone, Mario Giorgio
Balestrino, Roberta
Agosta, Federica
Galli, Silvia
Sorrentino, Cristiano
Indaco, Donato
Donzuso, Giulia
Terravecchia, Claudio
Filippi, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0479
Lopiano, Leonardo
Romagnolo, Alberto
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (Department of Excellence grant)
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Revised: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 22 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Roberta Balestrino received a travel grant from Lusofarmaco. Massimo Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. Federica Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon and Eli Lilly, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). The other authors have nothing to disclose.
: The authors confirm that they have received the approval of an institutional review board for this work. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients.
: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
