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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Revised: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Eiji Yasuda has no disclosure. Takaaki Hattori has received speaker’s honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.; Integra Japan Co., Ltd and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd. Kaoru Shimano has no disclosure. Takeshi Hase has no disclosure. Jun Oyama has no disclosure. Ken Yamagiwa has no disclosure. Miho Kawauchi has no disclosure. Silvina G. Horvitz has no disclosure. Codrin Lungu has honoraria for editorial work from Elsevier. Hitoshi Matsuzawa has no disclosure. Mark Hallett is an inventor of patents held by NIH for an immunotoxin for the treatment of focal movement disorders and the H-coil for magnetic stimulation; in relation to the latter, he has received license fee payments from the NIH (from Brainsway). He is on the Medical Advisory Boards of CALA Health and Brainsway (both unpaid positions). He is on the Editorial Board of approximately 15 journals and receives royalties and/or honoraria from publishing from Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Springer, Wiley, Wolters Kluwer, and Elsevier. He has research grants from Medtronic, Inc. for a study of DBS for dystonia.

: This human has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All persons gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.