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Article History

Received: 28 July 2025

Revised: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 4 October 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

:

: P. Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon, and Sanofi; he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. V. Brescia Morra has received research grants from the Italian MS Society and Roche, and honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. M. Capobianco received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Alexion, and Sanofi. He received research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. He received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Neuraxpharm. C. Gasperini received honoraria for speaking and travel grants from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Bristol Mayer, Roche, Viatris, Sanofi, Sandoz, Astra Zeneca, and Almirall. L.M.E. Grimaldi has nothing to disclose. G.A. Marfia is an Advisory Board member of Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Roche and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Mylan. She is also the principal investigator in clinical trials for Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and BMS-Celgene. Her clinical research was supported by grants from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. D. Paolicelli has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Merck, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Biogen and received speaker honoraria and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Biogen, Sandoz, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Alexion. P. Perini received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Alexion, and Sanofi. V. Torri Clerici acted as an Advisory Board member of Novartis, Lundbeck, Amgen, Merck, Roche, Genzyme, Neuraxapharm, and Almirall and received funding for traveling and honoraria for speaking or writing from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Merck, Bristol Meyer Squibb, Jansenn, and Almirall. She received support for research project by Almirall. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: Not applicable.